Electrical Engineering

SALIENT FEATURES :

AC Network & Theorems Experimental Set – up, is versatile and useful educational training equipment for both the electrical & electronic branches of engineering? It is one of the many specialised training equipments from the house of “Adtron – the training people, who have over a decade of experience in manufacturing educational training equipments and teaching aids.

            AC Network & Theorems Experimental Set – up, is useful for the study and practical verification of Electrical / Electronic Networks & Theorems with AC supply by using R, L & C parameters (elements). The experimental set – up is compact and self – contained and comes with a comprehensive instruction manual with explains all relevant information with experiments in simple and easy to understand terms. The students can be led step by step for verification, which will promote better subject understanding capabilities in the future.

*         Ideal tool for learning basics of theorems applied to AC Network.

*         Mains operated, self – contained system.

*         Power supply provided with phase shift device to obtain desired phase difference.

*         Proper safety precautions provided.

*         Built – in precision RLC components and metes, to provide data verification along with power factor measurement.

The following experiments can be performed using the built – in dedicated theorems circuit with RLC components.

*         Super Position Theorem.

*         Thevenin’s Theorem.

*         Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

*         Kirchoff’s Current Law ( KCL ).

*         Kirchoff’s Voltage Law ( KVL ).

Technical Specifications

*         R, L & C Parameters ( Elements ) in Branches :

a.         Variable resistance upto 100 ohms / 2.5A in incremental steps     :           01 Nos.

b.         Variable inductance upto 600 mH / 2A in incremental steps          :           03 Nos.

c.         Variable capacitance upto 50 f / 250V in incremental   steps       :           04 Nos.

( capacitance are fitted with discharge resistors for protection ).

Note :              The above elements are incorporated in the various dedicated theorems set – up as per requirements of the theorems.

3.         Power Supply :

a.         Dual Power Supply Source :

Input                 :           230 V AC, 50 Hz, single phase.

Output              :           Dual separate output as follows :

i.          0 – 240 V / 5A, 50 Hz, single phase AC continuous adjustable

ii.          0 – 240 V / 5A, 50 Hz, single phase AC continuous adjustable

Protection         :           MCB switch for both output and separate indicating lamps for mains ON.

b.         A separate voltage source with facility for phase shifting of voltage is provided.

*             Metering & Instrumentation :

*          All the networks & theorems are arranged with separate & required meters having following major aspects :

a.         The circuits are arranged separately for verification of respective theorems.

b.         The front panel is provided with proper mimic including required meters, test points and proper terminations of the R, L & C parameters.

c.         Facility of detecting reverse flow of current during verification of Super Position Theorem is provided.

d.         The circuits are assembled in proper panel type metal enclosure.

*          Theorems Networks :

a.         Superpositions Theorem is arranged with R, L & C parameters ( elements ) along with :

i.          P. F. meters to measure phase difference in terms of COS .

ii.          Facility of detecting reverse flow of current in that branch.

b.         Thevenin’s Theorem is supplied with separate :

i.          Original network containing R, L & C elements.

ii.          Equivalent voltage source with desired phase shift for V_TH.

c.         Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC supply is assembled with :

i.          Wattmeter, Ammeter & Voltmeter permanently connected in circuit.

Note :

             With suitable precautions and proper values of R, L & C elements Super Position Theorem’s verification network can be used for verification of :

1.         Kirchoff’s Current Law ( KCL ).

2.         Kirchoff’s Voltage Law ( KVL ).

*          Controls Terminations & Protection :

1.         Capacitors are fitted with discharge resistors.

2.         Supply line inputs is protected by MCB.

3.         Necessary terminations, switches and control are provided in each circuit as per the requirements for proper operation.

4.         Connections by 4 mm colour coded binding posts.

*          A detailed, comprehensive & well illustrated instruction manual is provided.

Being an experimental set up, the importance is given to the understanding of the various theorems by giving the facility, to perform the experiment at different sets of parameters, where by the tolerance level between the theoretical & practical results will be in the range of 20 %, as the values of L and even to some extent C will change under different conditions of voltage, current and temperature.

SALIENT FEATURES :

             ADTRON’s Parallel operation of Two Single Phase Transformers Model 9521 is a versatile, self contained and standalone unit. It helps the students in understanding the concept of connecting two transformers in parallel, Polarity of transformers and loading of transformers. The unit consists of two identical single phase transformers of 1 KVA rating each, voltmeters, Ammeters, MCB, etc all housed in an elegant metal cabinet with a well spread intelligently designed panel layout on the front panel. The unit is accompanied with a comprehensive Instruction Manual complete with theory, operating details, connection drawings and observation tables.

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

 *          Input Supply                                      :           1 Phase, 230V, 50 Hz AC

 *          Experimental Transformer          :           01 nos

             Primary                                                :           0 – 230V

             Secondary                                           :           0 – 200 – 230V

             Current                                                 :           5A

             Rating                                                    :           1 KVA

 *          Meters                                                :           All meters of 96 x 96 / 72 x 72 size Analog meters

              1. Voltmeter                                      :           0 – 500 V AC     :           02 Nos

              2. Ammeter                                       :           0 – 10 A AC         :           02 Nos

*          Controls

              Mains                                                   :           10A, 1Phase MCB

 *          Indicators                                          :           For Input Supply

 *          Load                

            1. Internal                                           :           Resistive ( Lamp ) Load

            2. External                                          :           Provision for connecting external load.

 *          Experiments

 1.         Study and conduct the Polarity test on two single phase transformer.

2.         Study and conduct parallel operation of two single phase transformers under equal voltage ratio.

3.         Study and conduct parallel operation of two single phase transformers under unequal voltage ratio

SALIENT FEATURES :

        ADTRON’S Sumpner’s Test using Two Single phase Transformers, Model 9520 is a versatile and self contained trainer kit useful for conducting Sumpner’s Test experiment using two single phase transformers. The trainer kit is useful for the conducting Sumpner’s test experiment and polarity phenomenon. The unit is housed in an elegant metal cabinet with a well spread intelligently deigned layout on the front panel. It is strongly supported by a comprehensive instruction manual complete with theory operating details and procedure.

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

 A)         EXPERIMENTAL TRANSFORMER

                Rating                                :           1KVA

               Primary Voltage            :           0 – 125V, 0 – 125V

               Secondary Voltage       :           0 – 125V, 0 – 125V

               Rated Current                 :           5A.

 B)         METERS (ALL METERS 72 X 72 SQUARE and 96 x 96 Square )

                Voltmeter                       :           0 – 100V AC, 1 Nos

                Voltmeter                       :           0 – 300V AC, 1 Nos

                Ammeter                        :           0 – 10A AC, 1 Nos        

                Ammeter                        :           0 – 1A AC, 1 Nos

               Wattmeter                      :            0 – 100W, 1 Nos

               Wattmeter                      :            0 – 1000W, 1 Nos

 C)         AUTO TRANSFORMER

               Primary                           :           230V

               Secondary                      :           0 – 270V

               Current                            :           10A

 D)         Temperature Indicator  :           Display to indicate the rise in temperature of transformer.

 E)         CONTROLS

                Mains                               :           MCB

                Variac                              :          ON / OFF Switch

 F)         EXPERIMENTS

 *          Determination of Efficiency and Voltage Regulation of Two Single Ohase Transformers.

*          Study the polarity test using two single phase transformers.

*          Study of Sumpner’s Test by              

             i.          Open circuit  and

            ii.          Short circuit test.

Single Phase Transformer Lab is a very versatile and useful training system for the Electrical laboratories of Engineering, Polytechnic and vocational Institutes.  It helps in understanding the basic concepts and functioning of a Single Phase Transformer. The unit helps in understanding the concepts of Polarity, Turns Ratio, Transformation Ratio, Iron Loss, Copper Loss, Efficiency etc. of a Single Phase Transformer. The unit consists of a variac, meters, transformer, etc, all housed in a elegant metal cabinet with a well spread intelligently designed circuit layout on front panel. A comprehensive Instruction manual compete with Theory and operating details is provided.

Salient Features

*          Inbuilt Single Phase Variac

*          Single phase 1KVA Transformer

*          Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter provided on panel for measurements

*          Facility for connecting external load.

*          Facility to study step up, step down and Isolation transformer.

Technical Specifications

1.         Study Transformer

Type                             :           Single Phase

Primary                         :           0 – 125V, 0 – 125V

Secondary                    :           0 – 125V, 0 – 125V

Current                          :           4A max

Rating                           :           1 KVA

2.         Variac

Type                             :           Single Phase

Output                          :           0 – 270V

Current                          :           5A max

3.         Voltmeters

Type                             :           Analog

Range                           :           1.         0 – 300V AC ( MI ) – 02 Nos

2.         0 – 50V AC ( MI ) – 01 Nos

Size                              :           96 x 96 Square

4.         Ammeters

Type                             :           Analog

Range                           :           1.         0 – 5A AC ( MI ) – 02 Nos

2.         0 – 1A AC ( MI ) – 01 Nos

Size                              :           96 x 96 Square

5.         Wattmeters

Type                             :           Analog

Range                           :           1.         0 – 100W

2.         0 – 1000W

Size                              :           96 x 96 Square

6.         Mains ON / OFF            :           MCB 6A

7.         Experiments

1.         Study and calculate the Turns Ratio of a Single Phase Transformer.

2.         Study and calculate the Iron and Copper losses of a Single Phase Transformer.

3.         Study and observe the concept of polarity.

4.         Study and calculate the Transformation Ratio of a Single Phase Transformer.

5.         Study and calculate the Efficiency of a Single Phase Transformer.

OPTIONAL :

*          Resistive Load of capacity 1KVA.

Three Phase Transformer Lab is versatile and useful training system for the Electrical Laboratories of Engineering, Polytechnics and Vocational courses. The lab consists of a Three Phase Transformer with its Primary and Secondary connections brought out on panel, multi function meter to measure Voltage, Current, Watts, PF, etc, Three Phase Mains MCB, etc  all housed in a metal cabinet with a well spread intelligently designed circuit layout on the front panel. A Comprehensive Instruction manual complete with theory and operating details is provided.

Salient Features

ü         Three Phase 1 KVA Transformer.

ü         Multi-Function Meter to measure Voltage, Current, Watts, PF, etc.

ü         Study of Star – Star, Star – Delta, Delta – Star, Delta – Delta configuration of Three Phase

ü         Experiments like Polarity, Losses, Efficiency, Voltage Regulation, etc can be performed.

Technical Specifications

1.         Study Transformer

Type                            :           Three Phase

Primary                       :           415V

Secondary                  :           230V

Current                        :           4A

Rating                          :           1 KVA

2.         Multi-Function Meter

Type                            :           Three Phase, Digital

Circuit                          :           DSP based

Parameters                 :           Line to neutral Voltages, Line to Line Voltages, Current, Frequency,

Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, Active Energy, Reactive Energy, Apparent                                                                                Energy and Power Factor.

Display                        :           Five row 4-Digit Bright Red Seven Segment Display

Measurement             :           True RMS Measurement

3.         Mains ON/OFF           :           3 Ph MCB 6A

4.         Indicators                    :           Three Phase Input supply

5.         Protection                    :           Fuse Protection at Input Supply for 3 f.

7.         Experiments

1.         Study and measure the Primary and Secondary Voltages of a Star – Star, Star – Delta,

Delta – Star, Delta – Delta connected transformer.

2.         Study of Open circuit Test on a Three Phase Transformer.

3.         Study of Short circuit Test of a Three Phase Transformer.

4.         Study of Load Test of a Three Phase Transformer.

5.         Determine the Voltage Regulation of a Three Phase Transformer.

6.         Determine the Efficiency of a Three Phase Transformer.

OPTIONAL :

*         Three Phase Variac 10A

*         Three Phase Resistive Load 1 KVA

SALIENT FEATURES :

ADTRON’S Sub – Station Protection & Operation Control Panel is a very versatile and useful electrical training system. It provides various experiments on Sub – Station Operation & Protection. The complete system developed is simulator based for the study of a sub – station having SHORT / MEDIUM / LONG Transmission Line as incoming line to the sub station. Necessary non – destructive fault simulation are provided. The panel will consists of various components and accessories as follows:

*     TRANSMISSION LINE :

A Transmission line of 80 – 400 Km long will be represented by equipment R, L & C parameters divided in five sections with inter connecting switch / links between the sections for 3 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz operation.

*     METERING :

Various meters of 96 mm x 96 mm square, of good accuracy are provided as follows:

i.      Voltmeter with selector switch at sending end and receiving end.

         Range 0 – 500 V AC : 02 Nos.

ii.     Ammeter in phase for measuring.

         a.      Line current under load condition 0 – 5 Amp : 01 Nos.

         b.      No load current 0 – 1 Amp with bypass SC link : 01 Nos.

*     PANEL WITH ACCESSORIES :

Necessary meters as mentioned above, various MCB’s indicating lamps, contactors / relays along with selected position protection scheme components ( selected from the options provided ) are mounted on a proper panel with necessary wiring. The protection scheme will consists of special protective relays with their connecting terminals brought out on the panel in the form of additional sockets for testing calibration purpose. Input and output terminals for connections of supply and load through meters and relays are provided.

*     PROTECTION RELAYS :

*     P. F. PROTECTION RELAY :

Connect at receiving end to check and adjust the PF of the transmission line by using mP based PF controller relay along with capacitor shunt back six state, each step of equal magnitude.

*     DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY :

By using numerical distance relay with 5 zones of protection each for respective section in transmission line simulator. The relay will also give full options for the protection O.L / O.V / U.V / Directional E.F.

*     TAP CONTROL CIRCUIT :

To adjust the output voltage from the bus bar, it is necessary to operate tap changes of transformer. A dummy arrangement will be worked out to shown the operation of tap changer through the relay and auxiliary circuit.

*     FAULT SIMULATION :

1.      E.F. in each section one at a time will be created to observe the operation of protection relays.

2.      Contactors will be provided at both receiving and sending end.

3.      The arrangement for indicating the faulty section is by indication lamp when the relay operates for that section.

*     INSTRUCTION MANUAL  :

A detailed instructional / operational manual with details and circuit drawing is provided for students and teachers.